This book has been written as part of a series of scientific books being published by Plenum Press. The scope of the series is to review a chosen topic in each volume. To supplement this information, the abstracts to the most important references cited in the text are reprinted, thus allowing the reader to find in-depth material without having to refer to many additional publications. This volume is dedicated to the field of dry (plasma) etching, as applied in silicon semiconductor processing. Although a number of books have appeared dealing with this area of physics and chemistry, these all deal with parts of the field. This book is unique in that it gives a compact, yet complete, in-depth overview of fundamentals, systems, processes, tools, and applications of etching with gas plasmas for VLSI. Examples are given throughout the fundamental sections, in order to give the reader a better insight in the meaning and magnitude of the many parameters relevant to dry etching. Electrical engineering concepts are emphasized to explain the pros and cons of reactor concepts and excitation frequency ranges. In the description of practical applications, extensive use is made of cross-referencing between processes and materials, as well as theory and practice. It is thus intended to provide a total model for understanding dry etching. The book has been written such that no previous knowledge of the subject is required. It is intended as a review of all aspects of dry etching for silicon semiconductor processing.

New laser technology has developed a new dye chemistry! Development of the gallium-arsenic semiconductor laser (diode laser) that emits laser light at 780-830 nm has made possible development of new opto-electronic systems including laser optical recording systems, thermal writing display systems, laser printing systems, and so on. Medical applications of lasers in photodynamic therapy for the treatment of cancer were also developed. In such systems, the infrared absorbing dyes OR dyes) are currently used as effective photoreceivers for diode lasers, and will become the key materials in high technology. At the present time the chemistry of IR dyes is the most important and interesting field in dye chemistry. Laser light can be highly monochromatic, very well collimated, coher­ ent, and, in some cases, extremely powerful. These characteristics make diode lasers a very cheap, convenient, and useful light source for a variety of applications in science and technology. For these purposes, however, IR dyes with special characteristics are required. To develop new IR dyes, it is most important to establish the correlation between the chemical structures of dyes and other characteristics of dyes, such as their absorption spectra. Molecular design of IR dyes predicting the Amax and Emax values by molecular orbital (MO) calculations is now possible even by using a personal computer, and many types of new IR dyes have been demonstrated. Also, new opto-electronic systems using IR dyes as photoreceivers have been reported recently.

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The goal of this volume is to comprehensively cover a highly readable, updated and extended, overview on our present knowledge of positive and negative effects of UV‑exposure, with a focus on vitamin D and skin cancer. Topics that are discussed in‑depth by leading researchers and clinicians range from the newest findings in endocrinology, epidemiology, histology, photobiology, immunology, cytogenetics and molecular pathology to new concepts for prophylaxis and treatment.

This book recognizes and celebrates the contributions of Professor Ashok Sahni to the field of paleontology. Prof. Sahni established a School of Vertebrate Palaeontology at Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, where he trained many of today’s vertebrate paleontologists of India. The book covers topics on evolutionary patterns, macroevolutionary events, origination and radiation events, changes in physical environments & climate and their implications for biodiversity dynamics, intercontinental affinities and biogeographic connections in a plate tectonic framework.

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Unraveling the Voynich Codex reviews the historical, botanical, zoological, and iconographic evidence related to the Voynich Codex, one of the most enigmatic historic texts of all time.
The bizarre Voynich Codex has often been referred to as the most mysterious book in the world. Discovered in an Italian Catholic college in 1912 by a Polish book dealer Wilfrid Voynich, it was eventually bequeathed to the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library of Yale University. It contains symbolic language that has defied translation by eminent cryptologists.