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Plant control systems are subject to the undesirable influence of exogenous commands and disturbances. To track and reject these the authors have designed a feedback control system based on embedding a model of them within the controller itself - the "internal model".

This book provides a rather comprehensive presentation of the physics and modeling of high-frequency bipolar transistors with particular emphasis given to silicon-based devices. I hope it will be found useful by those who do as well as by those who intend to work in the field, as it compiles and extends material presented in numerous publications in a coherent fashion. I've worked on this project for years and did my best to avoid errors. De­ spite all efforts it is possible that "something" has been overlooked during copy-editing and proof-reading. If you find a mistake please let me know. Michael Reisch Kempten, December 2002 Notation It is intended here to use the most widely employed notation, in cases where the standard textbook notation is different from the SPICE notation, the latter is used. In order to make formulas more readable, model parameters represented in SPICE by a series of capital letters are written here as one capital letter with the rest in the form of a subscript (e.g. XCJC is used here instead of the XCJC used in the SPICE input). Concerning the use of lower-case and capital letters, the following rules are applied: • Time-dependent large-signal quantities are represented by lower-case let­ ters. The variables 't, v and p therefore denote time-dependent current, voltage and power values.

This book is the first in a series of three dedicated to advanced topics in Mixed-Signal IC design methodologies. It is one of the results achieved by the Mixed-Signal Design Cluster, an initiative launched in 1998 as part of the TARDIS project, funded by the European Commission within the ESPRIT-IV Framework. This initiative aims to promote the development of new design and test methodologies for Mixed-Signal ICs, and to accelerate their adoption by industrial users. As Microelectronics evolves, Mixed-Signal techniques are gaining a significant importance due to the wide spread of applications where an analog front-end is needed to drive a complex digital-processing subsystem. In this sense, Analog and Mixed-Signal circuits are recognized as a bottleneck for the market acceptance of Systems-On-Chip, because of the inherent difficulties involved in the design and test of these circuits. Specially, problems arising from the use of a common substrate for analog and digital components are a main limiting factor. The Mixed-Signal Cluster has been formed by a group of 11 Research and Development projects, plus a specific action to promote the dissemination of design methodologies, techniques, and supporting tools developed within the Cluster projects. The whole action, ending in July 2002, has been assigned an overall budget of more than 8 million EURO.

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When I attended college we studied vacuum tubes in our junior year. At that time an average radio had ?ve vacuum tubes and better ones even seven. Then transistors appeared in 1960s. A good radio was judged to be one with more thententransistors. Latergoodradioshad15–20transistors and after that everyone stopped counting transistors. Today modern processors runing personal computers have over 10milliontransistorsandmoremillionswillbeaddedevery year. The difference between 20 and 20M is in complexity, methodology and business models. Designs with 20 tr- sistors are easily generated by design engineers without any tools, whilst designs with 20M transistors can not be done by humans in reasonable time without the help of Prof. Dr. Gajski demonstrates the Y-chart automation. This difference in complexity introduced a paradigm shift which required sophisticated methods and tools, and introduced design automation into design practice. By the decomposition of the design process into many tasks and abstraction levels the methodology of designing chips or systems has also evolved. Similarly, the business model has changed from vertical integration, in which one company did all the tasks from product speci?cation to manufacturing, to globally distributed, client server production in which most of the design and manufacturing tasks are outsourced.