Log-domain and translinear filters provide a competitive alternative to the challenges of ever increasing low-voltage, low-power and high frequency demands in the area of continuous-time filters. Since translinear filters are fundamentally large-signal linear, they are capable of realizing a large dynamic range in combination with excellent tunability characteristics. Large-signal linearity is achieved by exploiting the accurate exponential behavior of the bipolar transistor or the subthreshold MOS transistor. A generalization of the dynamic translinear principle exploiting the square law behavior of the MOS transistor is theoretically possible, but not practically relevant.

The direct current transmission scheme linking the island of Gotland to the main­ land of Sweden by means of a submarine cable under the Baltic Sea is the first commercial realisation of a modern technique for the transmission of electrical energy. It is certainly not accidental that this pioneering initiative was allotted to the Gotland scheme. Various viewpoints may be presented regarding this, but the essential factor relates to the circumstances that permitted the magnitude ofthe transmitted power to be given a value which would not have been technically or economically feasible for any other project. The power, on the one hand, was sufficiently small to justify the risk associated with such a new venture, for it fell within limits acceptable both to ASEA as the manufacturer and to the Swedish State Power Board as the customer. On the other hand, the power was large enough to demonstrate the technical and economic characteristics of the new system and to provide the opportunity of gaining invaluable experience that could be applied to future large-scale transmission systems. In 1954 a team under the direction of Dr. Uno Lamm successfully commissioned the Gotland scheme, representing the culmination of many years of intensive development work.

Carrier communication over power lines, like carrier traffic over postal lines, has a tradition of about 50 years. It has become a vital element in electric system operation. Being restricted to power networks, it has a comparatively limited scope. Nevertheless, great efforts are being ex­ to keep pace with the demands made pended on technical advancement of both power and communication engineering. As in previous editions of this book, it is endeavored in the fourth edition to familiarize the man in the field with the fundamental concepts on which this technique and its practical application are based. The physical and electrical characteristics of the equipment involved are de­ scribed in a general way. For the sake of clarity, the author has refrained from giving a detailed account or illustrations of special versions, espe­ cially as the differences between the equipment supplied by the various manufacturers are so small. This is due to the use of transistors instead of tubes and to the universally adopted plug-in module construction technique. In the load dispatching plants of power supply networks, tele­ metering systems are turning more and more to data engineering methods and equipment to lighten the task of network management. Consequently, at certain points in the text, topics concerning remote data processing are treated, emphasis being placed on transmission channels operating at a considerably higher speed than was usual 10 years ago.

The phrase "high technology" is perhaps one of the more overused descriptions in our technical vocabulary. It is a phrase generally reserved for discussion of integrated circuits, fiber optics, satellite systems, and computers. Few people would associate high technology with vacuum tubes. The notion that vacuum tube construction is more art than science may have been true 10 or 20 years ago, but today it's a different story. The demand on the part of industry for tubes capable of higher operating power and frequency, and the economic necessity for tubes that provide greater efficiency and reliability, have moved power tube manufacturers into the high-tech arena. Advancements in tube design and construction have given end users new transmit­ ters and RF generators that allow industry to grow and prosper. If you bring up the subject of vacuum tubes to someone who has never worked on a transmitter, you are likely to get a blank stare and a question: "Do they make those anymore?" Although receiving tubes have disappeared from the scene, power tubes are alive and well and are performing vital functions in thousands of divergent applications. Solid-state and tube technologies each have their place, each with its strengths and weaknesses. Tube design and development, although accompanied by less fanfare, is advanc­ ing as are developments in solid-state technology. Power tubes today are designed with an eye toward high operating efficiency and high gain/bandwidth properties.

In Thermal and Power Management of Integrated Circuits, power and thermal management issues in integrated circuits during normal operating conditions and stress operating conditions are addressed. Thermal management in VLSI circuits is becoming an integral part of the design, test, and manufacturing. Proper thermal management is the key to achieve high performance, quality and reliability. Performance and reliability of integrated circuits are strong functions of the junction temperature. A small increase in junction temperature may result in significant reduction in the device lifetime.

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