Chiang Kai-Shek: The Life and Legacy of the Republic of China’s Revolutionary Leader

“A revolution is not a dinner party, or writing an essay, or painting a picture, or doing embroidery. It cannot be so refined, so leisurely and gentle, so temperate, kind, courteous, restrained and magnanimous. A revolution is an insurrection, an act of violence by which one class overthrows another.” – Mao Zedong

Though both Japan and China modernized at the start of the 20th century and China far outweighed Japan in terms of men and materiel potential, the Japanese handily won the first modern war between the two sides, decisively defeating the Chinese in the First Sino-Japanese War. The conflict resulted in Japan’s short-term gains in the wake of victory, and the long-term disaster for both sides’ new roles in Asia, for with the end of Chinese dominance in East Asia came a new era for the region as a whole, an era whose consequences and horrors would not be fully realized for several more decades.
In 1937, the fledgling Empire of Japan once more went to war with China, which by then had become a nation broken into petty warlord fiefdoms and wracked by civil war. The Japanese enacted a brutal campaign over the fragmented realms that made up China, committing atrocities just as horrendous as their Axis allies in Europe. Despite this, the sheer size of China, coupled with Japan’s overextension, allowed the larger, less developed nation to endure throughout World War II.

At the same time, China was experiencing an equally brutal civil war between Nationalist and Communist forces, which became inextricably intertwined with the fighting raging across the globe. In fact, the sheer scale of the horrors of the civil war remain hard to believe today, even as action in that theater is often overlooked because of events in Europe. What most people remember about the civil war is that it was ultimately won by Mao Zedong and the Communists, ushering in a new era of Communism in China and exiling the Republic of China’s government to Taiwan. Political tensions between Taiwan and China remain precarious to this day.

The Republic of China’s most famous leader and general was Chiang Kai-Shek, who rose from humble origins as the son of a local trader to become, as he liked to remind visitors, the ruler over more people than any other world leader. He certainly became one of the most influential leaders of the 20th century, yet today, he is considerably less well-known than many other figures from that period, which was so rife of chaos and tumultuous change. Chiang had come to power at a time when China was rebuilding itself after a period of internal conflict and turmoil, attempting to unify the nation in the face of the Japanese and the man who would become his arch-rival: Mao Zedong, leader of the Chinese Communists.

Chiang’s delicate balancing act required shifting alliances, and his ability to negotiate effectively under the most adverse circumstances continues to make this a difficult period to understand clearly. Even the party that he led, the Kuomintang (KMT), was full of contradictions. The KMT was certainly corrupt and capable of brutality and violent repression of actual or perceived threats, yet it also brought a period of stability and economic growth to an impoverished China, supported women’s rights and land reform, and even established a quota for female members of parliament at a time when no other country in the world had even considered such a thing. After being defeated across mainland China by Mao, Chiang and the KMT moved to the island of Taiwan and presided over the “Taiwan Miracle,” the transition of this island to become one of the industrial and manufacturing leaders of South East Asia.

This is the surprising, fascinating, complex, and sometimes baffling story of Chiang Kai-shek, and the eras of change through which he lived.